Economic Analysis in the Pacific Northwest Land Resources Project: Theoretical Considerations and Preliminary Results

The Pacific Northwest Land Resources Inventory Demonstration Project i s an a ttempt to combine a whole spectrum of heterogeneous geographic, institutional and applications elements in a synergistic approach to the evaluation of remote sensing techniques. This diversity is the prime motivating factor behind a theoretical investigation of alternative economic analysis procedures. For a multitude of reasons--simplicity, ease of understanding, financial constraints and credibility, among others--cost-effectiveness emerges as the most practical tool for conducting such evaluation determinatIons in the Pacific Northwest. Preliminary findings in two water resource application areas suggest, in conformity with most published studies, that Lands at-aided data collection methods enjoy substantial cost advantages over alternative techniques. The pntential for sensitivity analysis based on cost/accuracy tradeoffs is considered on a theoretical plane in the absence of current accuracy figures concerning the Landsat-aided approach

Determination for the grade level for grades five through nine of the difficulty of the principle: whenever one body moves over or is rubbed against another body, a resistance to motion takes place, which results in the production of heat

Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston Universit

Non-intrusive, in situ detection of ammonia in hot gas flows with mid-infrared degenerate four-wave mixing at 2.3μm

We demonstrate non-intrusive, in situ detection of ammonia (NH3) in reactive hot gas flows at atmospheric pressure using mid-infrared degenerate four-wave mixing (IR-DFWM). IR-DFWM excitation scans were performed in the v2+v3 and v1+v2 vibrational bands of NH3 around 2.3μm for gas flow temperatures of 296, 550 and 820K. Simulations based on spectroscopic parameters from the HITRAN database have been compared with the measurements in order to identify the spectral lines, and an absorption spectrum at 296K has also been measured to compare with the IR-DFWM spectra. The signal-to-noise ratio of the IR-DFWM measurement was found to be higher than that of the absorption measurement. Some spectral lines in the measured IR-DFWM and absorption spectra had no matching lines in the HITRAN simulation. The detection limit of NH3 diluted in N2 with IR-DFWM in this spectral range was estimated at 296, 550 and 820K to be 1.36, 4.87 and 7.06×1016molecules/cm3. The dependence of the NH3 IR-DFWM signal on the quenching properties of the buffer gas flow was investigated by comparing the signals for gas flows of N2, Ar and CO2 with small admixtures of NH3. It was found that the signal dependence on buffer gas was large at room temperature but decreased at elevated temperatures. These results show the potential of IR-DFWM for detection of NH3 in combustion environments

Influence of Electrification Pathways in the Electricity Sector of Ethiopia—Policy Implications Linking Spatial Electrification Analysis and Medium to Long-Term Energy Planning

Ethiopia is a low-income country, with low electricity access (45%) and an inefficient power transmission network. The government aims to achieve universal access and become an electricity exporter in the region by 2025. This study provides an invaluable perspective on different aspects of Ethiopia’s energy transition, focusing on achieving universal access and covering the country’s electricity needs during 2015–2065. We co-developed and investigated three scenarios to examine the policy and technology levels available to the government to meet their national priorities. To conduct this analysis, we soft-linked OnSSET, a modelling tool used for geospatial analysis, with OSeMOSYS, a cost-optimization modelling tool used for medium to long-run energy planning. Our results show that the country needs to diversify its power generation system to achieve universal access and cover its future electricity needs by increasing its overall carbon dioxide emissions and fully exploit hydropower. With the aim of achieving universal access by 2025, the newly electrified population is supplied primarily by the grid (65%), followed by stand-alone (32%) technologies. Similarly, until 2065, most of the electrified people by 2025 will continue to be grid-connected (99%). The country’s exports will increase to 17 TWh by 2065, up from 832 GWh in 2015, leading to a cumulative rise in electricity export revenues of 184 billion USD

Energy system development pathways for Ethiopia: Final project report

This report forms a deliverable of the Energy System Development Pathways for Ethiopia (PATHWAYS) project. The project explored pathways for Ethiopia’s electricity system to 2065 with the use of open-source energy system models, and developed local capacity to use and build on those models for the country’s energy planning and policy decision-support. A participatory methodology was adopted, which engaged local experts and stakeholders in the co-creation of knowledge, through multiple and mixed methods of inquiry typically adopted in fields of engineering and the social sciences. Some of these engagement activities included workshops and interviews that drew upon local expertise to shape the narratives and boundaries on the possible futures for Ethiopia’s electricity system, as well as a household survey on energy consumer behaviour. In addition, capacity development workshops were conducted; training students, academics, and staff of the government, not-for-profit and the private sector on the use of the Open-Source Energy System Modelling framework (OSeMOSYS). This report provides the synthesised findings of the project and highlights ways of building on its activities

On the mechanism of the shape elongation of embedded nanoparticles

The mechanism of the shape elongation of metal nanoparticles (NPs) in silica, which is induced under swift heavy ion irradiation, is discussed with comparing the two candidates: (i) the synergy between the ion hammering and the transient melting of NPs by the inelastic thermal spike and (ii) the thermal pressure and flow model. We show that three experimental results are inconsistent with (i). The latter is supported by two-temperature molecular dynamics simulations, which simulate not only the atomic motions but also the local electron temperatures. A remarkable correlation was observed between the temporal evolution of the silica density around the ion trajectory and that of the aspect ratio of the NP later than similar to 1 ps after the ion impact, while no correlation was observed earlier than similar to 1 ps, even under the assumption of the instantaneous energy deposition.Peer reviewe

Component-wise deuterium-tritium fusion yield predictions with neutron emission spectrometry

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